SS-31

---

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide designed to protect and restore mitochondrial function — the core energy engines of every cell.

Its sequence, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂, allows it to selectively penetrate mitochondria and bind to cardiolipin, a phospholipid critical for maintaining mitochondrial structure and energy production.

In research, SS-31 is often described as a mitochondrial protective and restorative peptide, studied for its potential to reduce oxidative stress, enhance ATP production, and improve tissue resilience.

SS-31 works by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes and improving electron transport efficiency, leading to reduced free-radical leakage and improved cellular energy balance.

Key mechanisms observed in research:

1. Binds to cardiolipin – stabilizes mitochondrial inner membrane structure
    
2. Enhances ATP synthesis – improves cellular energy output
    
3. Reduces ROS (reactive oxygen species) – minimizes oxidative damage
    
4. Protects neurons and cardiac tissue – supports cell survival under stress
    
5. Improves mitochondrial dynamics – promotes fusion, fission, and repair balance
    

Mitochondrial health

Enhanced ATP production and energy metabolism

Oxidative stress

Reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation

Cardiovascular support

Improved cardiac function post-ischemia

Neuroprotection

Protection from oxidative and ischemic damage

Aging research

Enhanced mitochondrial function and longevity pathways

 Injectable (intravenous/subcutaneous, research setting)

0.5–5.0 mg/kg

Once daily or per study protocol

In vitro studies

0.1–10 μM concentration

Variable exposure times 

• Cycle duration (research): 1–4 weeks (short-term mitochondrial studies)
   
• Half-life: ~1 hour (rapid systemic clearance, localized mitochondrial retention)
   
• Synergistic research: Often studied alongside NAD⁺ boosters, MOTS-C, or PQQ for compounded mitochondrial enhancement